Patryk Borowski is an MA candidate in Economics and an MA graduate in International Relations (Security & Strategic Studies) from the University of Warsaw. His interests include German and Austrian foreign, security, and domestic policy; the nexus of international economics and defence planning; East Asian security; and Caucasus politics. He gained initial experience in international banking, linking global financial dynamics with international affairs.
Europe’s rearmament is real, but it rests on a temporary fiscal exemption that expires in 2028. Electoral cycles and EU fiscal rules systematically penalise long-term strategic investment, which is why Europe keeps arriving at each crisis underprepared. This paper proposes a permanent Security In…
– How is traditional warfare not enough in countering hybrid threats? – Traditional warfare is an insufficient tool in dissuading and countering the hybrid threats, and in the case of its usage, there appear to be blind spots and a lack of the desired effect – Countering hybrid threats requires a…
