Alperen Celik Uniting Europe Through Digital Activism·EuropeNew
Matilde Torti Resilient Roots: EU Tech Grants for Farmers·Climate Policy & EnvironmentNew
Nada Rharrhary The Next Stage: Migration & Futuro Nazionale·Human Rights & Humanitarian AidNewAlperen Celik Bridging Diplomacy and Sustainability·Sustainability & Innovation ManagementNew
Sophia Nistor The Securitisation of Arctic Science·Security Policy & DefenceNew
Andrii Haivaniuk NATO 3.0: Burden-Sharing or Strategic Retreat? ·North AmericaNewAlperen Celik Human Rights & Aid in Post-Conflict MENA·Human Rights & Humanitarian AidNew
Sonja Gruenbauer It’s a (Wo)Men’s World·Human Rights & Humanitarian AidNew
Alexandra Savva India Between Two Tables·International Relations & DiplomacyNew
Age Steenbreker Recovery Under Fire·Security Policy & DefenceNewAlperen Celik Uniting Europe Through Digital Activism·EuropeNewMatilde Torti Resilient Roots: EU Tech Grants for Farmers·Climate Policy & EnvironmentNewNada Rharrhary The Next Stage: Migration & Futuro Nazionale·Human Rights & Humanitarian AidNewAlperen Celik Bridging Diplomacy and Sustainability·Sustainability & Innovation ManagementNewSophia Nistor The Securitisation of Arctic Science·Security Policy & DefenceNewAndrii Haivaniuk NATO 3.0: Burden-Sharing or Strategic Retreat? ·North AmericaNewAlperen Celik Human Rights & Aid in Post-Conflict MENA·Human Rights & Humanitarian AidNewSonja Gruenbauer It’s a (Wo)Men’s World·Human Rights & Humanitarian AidNewAlexandra Savva India Between Two Tables·International Relations & DiplomacyNewAge Steenbreker Recovery Under Fire·Security Policy & DefenceUniting Europe Through Digital ActivismResilient Roots: EU Tech Grants for FarmersThe Next Stage: Migration & Futuro Nazionale18 JulEurope, Migration, Refugees (FUBiS Term III subject course)Bridging Diplomacy and SustainabilityWed 05 Aug 2026The Securitisation of Arctic ScienceNATO 3.0: Burden-Sharing or Strategic Retreat? 20 JulEuropean Studies Intensive: Vienna–Prague–MunichHuman Rights & Aid in Post-Conflict MENAIt’s a (Wo)Men’s WorldWed 05 Aug 2026India Between Two Tables27 JulUniversity of Tartu Summer SchoolRecovery Under FireUniting Europe Through Digital ActivismResilient Roots: EU Tech Grants for FarmersThe Next Stage: Migration & Futuro Nazionale18 JulEurope, Migration, Refugees (FUBiS Term III subject course)Bridging Diplomacy and SustainabilityWed 05 Aug 2026The Securitisation of Arctic ScienceNATO 3.0: Burden-Sharing or Strategic Retreat? 20 JulEuropean Studies Intensive: Vienna–Prague–MunichHuman Rights & Aid in Post-Conflict MENAIt’s a (Wo)Men’s WorldWed 05 Aug 2026India Between Two Tables27 JulUniversity of Tartu Summer SchoolRecovery Under FireSophie Groenheijde is a fellow at EPIS.
What can be expected from Mark Rutte as NATO’s new Secretary General? This article examines Rutte’s thirteen years as Dutch prime minister, marked by crisis management and coalition-building, qualities now essential for NATO. With tensions escalating from Russia, China, and within NATO itself, Ru…
Hybrid warfare is a contested concept. In its broadest form, it can be described as the use of different actors and different types of warfare. Specifically, actors may include regular military units, guerilla fighters, and terrorists. Combatants can also employ various tactics, ranging from phys…
Mahatma Gandhi was an Indian lawyer and anti-colonial activist. He is best known for “satyagraha,” his nonviolent opposition to British colonialism. In addition to peaceful non-cooperation, “satyagraha” emphasised non-possession and religious tolerance. The latter meant that despite supporting in…
Absolutism asserted that by divine right, all power should be centred in the hands of the reigning monarch. To enable absolutism, monarchs relied on a professional standing army and a large bureaucratic apparatus to execute their will. Often, absolutist monarchs showcased their power in lavish p…
“Everything in war is simple, but the simplest thing is difficult.” This quote by Clausewitz encapsulates the meaning of “friction”. The concept refers to minor problems in implementing a battle plan. These issues accumulate, constituting the difference between a plan and its implementation. Rel…
As the leader of the Khmer Rouge, Pol rose to power in 1975 in the aftermath of the Cambodian civil war. The Khmer Rouge were a radical communist movement in Cambodia. Trying to establish a self-sufficient agrarian utopia, Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge forced millions into forced labour. The resulting fa…
The “Double Disaster”: Natech stands for Natural-Hazard-Induced Technological accidents. It describes a scenario where a natural event (e.g., an earthquake) triggers a technological failure (e.g., a chemical leak or nuclear meltdown). Complexity of Response: They are harder to manage because emer…
The 1919 Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty ending the First World War between Germany and the Allied Powers of Great Britain, the US, and France. Defeated Germany had to pay reparations and limit its army to 100’000 men. Germany further lost its colonies and made territorial concessions in …
Tito-Stalin Split: Defied the USSR in 1948, proving that a communist state could remain independent from Moscow’s direct control and influence. Self-Management: Implemented a unique economic system where workers managed their own enterprises, diverging from the Soviet-style command economy. Broth…
The governmental politics model posits that separation of power does not lead to a division of power. Rather, multiple actors with different agendas have to share power. This means that contrary to the rational actor model, states are not unitary actors. Rather, the governmental politics model be…
Availability and Affordability: True energy security means a state has an uninterrupted supply of energy at a price that does not cripple the economy. Diversification: To achieve independence, nations must diversify both their energy sources (renewables, nuclear, gas) and their suppliers to avoid…
Sadat became Egyptian president in 1970 following Nasser’s death. Despite launching the Yom Kippur War to alleviate the trauma of Egypt’s defeat during the Six-Day War, Sadat sought closer ties to the US. Hence, Sadat was open to US-mediated peace efforts when the tide turned against Egypt during…
The term political warfare has been used differently throughout history. In the West, US Diplomat George Kennan significantly influenced the understanding of political warfare. In his 1948 memorandum “Organizing Political Warfare,” Kennan described political warfare as the hostile employment of a…
A general in the Chilean army, Pinochet took power in a military coup in 1973. Under Pinochet, approximately 40,000 critics and suspected communists were imprisoned, tortured or killed. Besides political oppression, Pinochet introduced free-market reforms influenced by Milton Friedman. Facing int…
Mare Liberum: Pioneered “freedom of the seas,” arguing that oceans are international territory, a core principle of modern maritime law. Just War Theory: Defined legal and moral limits for conflict, asserting that war must have a legitimate cause and follow specific rules. Secular Natural Law: Ar…
Nasser’s presidency (1956-1970) established Egypt as a significant player in the Middle East and saw the rise of Nasserism. A variant of Arab Socialism tailored to Nasser, Nasserism advocated anti-colonialism, socialist policies, and the unity of Arab nations. Nasserism won popularity throughout …
In The Hague, the Netherlands, the International Criminal Court prosecutes individuals based on the 2002 Rome Statute. The Rome Statute allows for the prosecution of individuals who committed genocide, crimes of aggression, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. In contrast to the International…
Launched in 2013, the Belt and Road Initiative is central to Xi Jinping’s foreign policy. Under the Belt and Road Initiative, China provides loans to countries to develop infrastructure. These infrastructure projects combine into a network of five land corridors and a maritime Silk Road. China po…
Post-colonialism investigates how colonial history and narratives continue to influence international relations. Rather than anarchy, hierarchies reminiscent of colonialism are believed to dominate international relations. These hierarchies are reinforced by narratives that portray non-Western co…
The Arctic Council was first convened in 1996 and features eight permanent member states: the US, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Canada, Russia, Finland, and Sweden. The Arctic Council is devoted to protecting indigenous peoples, combatting climate change and pollution, and coordinating economic activ…
The rational actor model assumes states assess policy options based on their predicted payoff. The policy with the highest payoff concerning an overarching goal is chosen. Specifically, comprehensive rationality assumes states are fully informed of payoffs. In contrast, bounded rationality believ…
Nehru became India’s first prime minister. Domestically, Nehru promoted democracy and secularism. Regarding foreign policy, Nehru advocated for non-alignment.
In 1823, during a speech to the US Congress, President Monroe articulated his vision of the world being divided into the Old World and the New World. The Americas constituted the new world, within which the US would not tolerate any expansion of European colonial activities. In return, the US wou…
After twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David, Israel and Egypt signed the Camp David Accords on September 17th 1978. The accords consisted of two agreements. The first agreement saught to establish an autonomous authority in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The second built the basis f…
Founded in 1998, Europol is an EU organ responsible for facilitating police cooperation between EU member states. Therefore, Europol creates databases and issues reports on crime. However, Europol cannot start investigations or arrests. Instead, it can only take part in Joint Investigation Teams.
Feminist international relations theory posits that gender inequalities transcend borders. Consequently, adopting a feminist lens on international relations is merited. In doing so, gender norms are identified and challenged. For example, the focus on states in international relations is the prod…
The Abraham Accords are a framework agreement to normalise relations between Israel and the Arab World. The content of the accords is broad. Signatories pledge to pursue greater cooperation and tolerance as a basis for peace. As such, the Abraham Accords are only a first step for Arab nations to …
The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) was first created in 2008 but dispanded following Australia’s exit in 2009. In 2017, the Quad was re-established. Observers have seen the Quad as a testimony to greater competition between China and the US. Indeed, China has referred to the Quad as an “A…
The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), located in The Hague, the Netherlands, was created to oversee the 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). The CWC prohibits the use of and orders the destruction of chemical weapons. In 2013, the OPCW was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Reigning from 1643 to 1715 as French King, Louis XIV is the longest-reigning monarch in history. During his reign, Louis XIV epitomised the Age of Absolutism. Enlargening his Versailles castle, Louis hosted French nobility and concentrated state power in his hands. His unrestricted rule also made…
In 1946, writing from Moscow, Kennan sent the “long telegram” to Washington, D.C. The telegram interpreted the Soviet Union’s foreign policy as expansionist and rooted in a traditional Russian sense of insecurity and the need to oppress its population. The long telegram influenced the belief that…
