International Law & Treaties
Triannual reports on treaty law, the enforcement of multilateral agreements, and the international legal order, from maritime boundaries to environmental protocols.
The Strategic Folly of Seoul’s Nuclear Hedging Strategy
Amid growing domestic debate and high public support for nuclear armament, this brief examines why an independent nuclear weapons program is a dangerous miscalculation for South Korea. It analyzes how the U.S.–ROK Nuclear Consultative Group provides robust extended deterrence, while demonstrating…
Can Regional Organisations Close the Accountability Gap?
As UN member states negotiate a new binding Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity, the current draft articles overlook a critical component: regional organisations. This brief argues that sidelining bodies like the African Union—which has pioneered atrocity preven…
Investment Arbitration’s New Architecture
Investment Arbitration’s New Architecture How UNCITRAL and ICSID reforms are reshaping investor–State dispute settlement The reform of investor–State dispute settlement (ISDS) is in a structural phase. Since 2017, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Working Group I…
From Sovereignty to Sustainability
From Sovereignty to Sustainability: Natural Resources and Investment Protection in International Economic Law Natural resources represent a cornerstone of international economic relations. This relevance relies, on the one hand, on the fact that states depend on them as drivers of development and…
Strategic non-nuclear weapons and the NPT
Strategic non-nuclear weapons and the NPT: Revisiting the binary distinction of Article IX(3) The emergence of strategic non-nuclear weapons (SNNW) has blurred the line between conventional and nuclear warfare, necessitating a re-evaluation of how states are classified in global arms control regi…
Status of Legal Coalitions in an Increasingly Multipolar World
By early 2026, the European Union began speaking in a new tone, calling for a revision of its doctrine, institutions, and decision-making amid rising global contestation. In response to a shifting international order, the EU must pursue ‘principled flexibility’: defending core multilateral rules,…
Strategic Association Treaty (SAT)
Main question: How can the EU enhance its strategic autonomy and competitiveness without causing internal deadlock through full membership expansion? Argument: The EU should adopt the Strategic Association Treaty (SAT), a pragmatic, hybrid framework enabling sector-specific integration with key e…